SEC: Security

Document Type

Code: SEC
Name: Security
Domain: Technology & Data

Abstract

This specification defines the Security document type within the BSpec 1.0 Universal Business Specification Standard. It establishes normative requirements, structured templates, and implementation guidance for organizations documenting security within the technology-data domain. This specification enables systematic, machine-readable documentation that supports strategic planning, operational execution, and organizational alignment.

Purpose and Scope

The Security document defines systematic approaches to designing, implementing, and managing security controls that protect business assets through comprehensive risk management, compliance adherence, and threat mitigation. It establishes security frameworks that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of organizational resources.

Document Metadata Schema

---
id: SEC-{security-domain}
title: "Security — {Security Domain or Control Area}"
type: SEC
status: Draft|Review|Approved|Active|Deprecated
version: 1.0.0
owner: Security-Team|Security-Officer
stakeholders: [security-team, compliance-team, risk-management, infrastructure-team]
domain: technology
priority: Critical|High|Medium|Low
scope: security-management
horizon: strategic
visibility: internal

depends_on: [ARC-*, INF-*, POL-*, RSK-*]
enables: [PER-*, QUA-*, SLA-*, GOV-*]

security_domain: Identity|Data|Network|Application|Infrastructure
risk_level: High|Medium|Low
compliance_framework: SOX|PCI-DSS|ISO27001|NIST|GDPR|HIPAA
security_model: Zero-Trust|Defense-in-Depth|Layered-Security

success_criteria:
  - "Security controls protect business assets effectively"
  - "Security framework meets compliance requirements"
  - "Security incidents are detected and responded to promptly"
  - "Security enables business operations without impediment"

assumptions:
  - "Security requirements and risk tolerance are clearly defined"
  - "Compliance requirements are understood and achievable"
  - "Security resources and budget are adequate"

constraints: [Regulatory and business constraints]
standards: [Security and compliance standards]
review_cycle: quarterly
---

Content Structure Template

# Security — {Security Domain or Control Area}

## Executive Summary
**Purpose:** {Brief description of security scope and objectives}
**Domain:** {Security domain or control area}
**Risk Level:** {High|Medium|Low risk classification}
**Compliance Framework:** {Regulatory and compliance requirements}

## Security Architecture

### Security Framework
- **Security Model:** {Zero Trust|Defense in Depth|Layered Security}
- **Security Principles:** {Core security principles and philosophy}
- **Threat Model:** {Primary threats and attack vectors}
- **Risk Appetite:** {Organizational risk tolerance}

### Security Domains
    ```yaml
    security_domains:
      identity_access:
        scope: {Identity and access management}
        controls: [authentication, authorization, privileged_access]
    
      data_protection:
        scope: {Data security and privacy}
        controls: [encryption, classification, retention]
    
      network_security:
        scope: {Network and perimeter security}
        controls: [firewalls, intrusion_detection, segmentation]
    
      application_security:
        scope: {Application and software security}
        controls: [secure_coding, testing, vulnerability_management]
    ```

### Threat Landscape
- **External Threats:** {Cybercriminals, nation-states, hacktivists}
- **Internal Threats:** {Malicious insiders, negligent users}
- **Emerging Threats:** {New and evolving threat vectors}
- **Threat Intelligence:** {Threat intelligence sources and analysis}

## Identity and Access Management

### Authentication Framework
    ```yaml
    authentication:
      primary_methods:
        - method: {Single Sign-On (SSO)}
          provider: {IdP provider}
          protocols: [SAML, OIDC, OAuth2]
    
        - method: {Multi-Factor Authentication}
          factors: [something_you_know, something_you_have, something_you_are]
          implementation: {MFA implementation approach}
    
      privileged_access:
        pam_solution: {Privileged Access Management tool}
        controls: [session_recording, approval_workflow, time_limits]
    ```

### Authorization Model
- **Access Control Model:** {RBAC|ABAC|MAC|DAC}
- **Permission Structure:** {Role and permission hierarchy}
- **Principle of Least Privilege:** {Least privilege enforcement}
- **Access Reviews:** {Regular access review process}

### Identity Lifecycle
    ```yaml
    identity_lifecycle:
      provisioning:
        process: {User account creation process}
        automation: {Automated provisioning systems}
        approval: {Approval workflow}
    
      maintenance:
        access_reviews: {Regular access review schedule}
        role_changes: {Role change management}
    
      deprovisioning:
        triggers: [termination, role_change, access_expiry]
        automation: {Automated deprovisioning}
        verification: {Deprovisioning verification}
    ```

## Data Protection and Privacy

### Data Classification
    ```yaml
    data_classification:
      public:
        description: {Publicly available information}
        controls: [basic_access_controls]
    
      internal:
        description: {Internal business information}
        controls: [employee_access, encryption_in_transit]
    
      confidential:
        description: {Sensitive business information}
        controls: [restricted_access, encryption, audit_logging]
    
      restricted:
        description: {Highly sensitive information}
        controls: [privileged_access, strong_encryption, continuous_monitoring]
    ```

### Encryption Framework
- **Encryption at Rest:** {Storage encryption implementation}
- **Encryption in Transit:** {Network encryption protocols}
- **Key Management:** {Encryption key lifecycle management}
- **Crypto Standards:** {Approved cryptographic algorithms}

### Privacy Controls
    ```yaml
    privacy:
      regulatory_compliance:
        gdpr: {GDPR compliance measures}
        ccpa: {CCPA compliance measures}
        hipaa: {HIPAA compliance measures}
    
      privacy_by_design:
        data_minimization: {Collect only necessary data}
        purpose_limitation: {Use data only for intended purpose}
        consent_management: {User consent management}
    
      data_subject_rights:
        access: {Right to access personal data}
        rectification: {Right to correct data}
        erasure: {Right to be forgotten}
        portability: {Data portability rights}
    ```

## Network and Infrastructure Security

### Network Security Architecture
    ```yaml
    network_security:
      perimeter_security:
        firewalls: [next_gen_firewall, web_application_firewall]
        intrusion_prevention: {IPS/IDS implementation}
        ddos_protection: {DDoS mitigation}
    
      network_segmentation:
        microsegmentation: {Internal network segmentation}
        vlans: {VLAN implementation}
        zero_trust_network: {Zero trust network architecture}
    
      secure_communications:
        vpn: {VPN implementation for remote access}
        tls_termination: {TLS/SSL termination}
        certificate_management: {PKI and certificate management}
    ```

### Infrastructure Security
- **Hardening Standards:** {System hardening baselines}
- **Vulnerability Management:** {Vulnerability scanning and patching}
- **Configuration Management:** {Secure configuration standards}
- **Asset Management:** {IT asset inventory and management}

### Cloud Security
    ```yaml
    cloud_security:
      cloud_controls:
        identity_federation: {Cloud identity integration}
        cloud_access_security: {CASB implementation}
        cloud_workload_protection: {CWPP solution}
    
      shared_responsibility:
        cloud_provider: {Provider security responsibilities}
        organization: {Customer security responsibilities}
    
      compliance:
        cloud_compliance: {Cloud-specific compliance requirements}
        audit_controls: {Cloud audit and monitoring}
    ```

## Application Security

### Secure Development Lifecycle
    ```yaml
    sdlc_security:
      planning:
        threat_modeling: {Application threat modeling}
        security_requirements: {Security requirement definition}
    
      development:
        secure_coding: {Secure coding standards}
        code_review: {Security code review process}
        static_analysis: {SAST tools and process}
    
      testing:
        dynamic_testing: {DAST testing}
        penetration_testing: {Application pen testing}
        security_testing: {Security test automation}
    
      deployment:
        security_scanning: {Container and dependency scanning}
        runtime_protection: {Runtime application security}
    ```

### Application Security Controls
- **Input Validation:** {Input validation and sanitization}
- **Output Encoding:** {Output encoding standards}
- **Authentication Security:** {Application authentication controls}
- **Session Management:** {Secure session handling}
- **Error Handling:** {Secure error handling}

### API Security
    ```yaml
    api_security:
      authentication:
        oauth2: {OAuth 2.0 implementation}
        api_keys: {API key management}
        jwt: {JWT token security}
    
      authorization:
        scope_management: {API scope control}
        rate_limiting: {API rate limiting}
    
      protection:
        input_validation: {API input validation}
        output_filtering: {API response filtering}
        threat_protection: {API threat protection}
    ```

## Security Operations

### Security Monitoring
    ```yaml
    security_monitoring:
      siem:
        platform: {SIEM platform}
        log_sources: [network_devices, servers, applications, databases]
        correlation_rules: [rule1, rule2, rule3]
    
      threat_detection:
        behavioral_analytics: {User and entity behavior analytics}
        threat_hunting: {Proactive threat hunting}
        threat_intelligence: {Threat intelligence integration}
    
      incident_detection:
        automated_detection: {Automated alert generation}
        manual_monitoring: {SOC analyst monitoring}
        escalation: {Alert escalation procedures}
    ```

### Incident Response
    ```yaml
    incident_response:
      preparation:
        ir_team: {Incident response team structure}
        procedures: {IR procedures and playbooks}
        tools: {IR tools and technologies}
    
      detection_analysis:
        triage: {Incident triage process}
        investigation: {Investigation procedures}
        classification: {Incident classification}
    
      containment_eradication:
        containment: {Incident containment strategies}
        eradication: {Threat eradication procedures}
        recovery: {System recovery procedures}
    
      post_incident:
        lessons_learned: {Post-incident review}
        process_improvement: {Process improvement}
        documentation: {Incident documentation}
    ```

### Vulnerability Management
- **Asset Discovery:** {IT asset discovery and inventory}
- **Vulnerability Scanning:** {Regular vulnerability assessments}
- **Risk Assessment:** {Vulnerability risk prioritization}
- **Remediation:** {Patch management and remediation}
- **Verification:** {Remediation verification}

## Compliance and Governance

### Regulatory Compliance
    ```yaml
    compliance_frameworks:
      sox: {Sarbanes-Oxley compliance}
      pci_dss: {Payment Card Industry compliance}
      iso_27001: {ISO 27001 certification}
      nist: {NIST Cybersecurity Framework}
    
    compliance_controls:
      - control: {Control ID}
        description: {Control description}
        implementation: {How control is implemented}
        testing: {Control testing procedures}
        evidence: {Evidence collection}
    ```

### Security Governance
- **Security Policies:** {Security policy framework}
- **Risk Management:** {Security risk assessment and management}
- **Metrics and KPIs:** {Security metrics and reporting}
- **Training and Awareness:** {Security training program}

### Audit and Assessment
    ```yaml
    audit_program:
      internal_audits:
        frequency: {Audit frequency}
        scope: {Audit scope}
        methodology: {Audit methodology}
    
      external_audits:
        certification_audits: [ISO27001, SOC2]
        penetration_testing: {External pen testing}
        vulnerability_assessments: {External assessments}
    
      continuous_monitoring:
        automated_compliance: {Automated compliance checking}
        control_monitoring: {Control effectiveness monitoring}
    ```

## Business Continuity and Recovery

### Security in Business Continuity
- **Security Incident Impact:** {Security incident business impact}
- **Recovery Priorities:** {Security-related recovery priorities}
- **Alternate Security Controls:** {Backup security measures}

### Cyber Resilience
    ```yaml
    cyber_resilience:
      resilience_planning:
        critical_systems: {Critical system identification}
        dependencies: {System dependency mapping}
        recovery_strategies: {Cyber recovery strategies}
    
      backup_security:
        backup_protection: {Backup system security}
        offline_backups: {Air-gapped backup strategy}
        recovery_testing: {Security-focused recovery testing}
    ```

## Emerging Technologies and Threats

### Technology Security
    ```yaml
    emerging_tech:
      cloud_native:
        container_security: {Container security controls}
        serverless_security: {Serverless security}
        microservices_security: {Microservices security}
    
      ai_ml_security:
        model_security: {AI/ML model protection}
        data_poisoning: {Data poisoning prevention}
        adversarial_attacks: {Adversarial attack defense}
    
      iot_security:
        device_security: {IoT device security}
        network_security: {IoT network security}
        data_security: {IoT data protection}
    ```

### Threat Evolution
- **Advanced Persistent Threats:** {APT defense strategies}
- **Supply Chain Attacks:** {Supply chain security}
- **Ransomware:** {Ransomware prevention and response}
- **Social Engineering:** {Social engineering awareness and defense}

## Security Culture and Training

### Security Awareness
    ```yaml
    awareness_program:
      training_content:
        general_awareness: {General security training}
        role_specific: {Role-specific security training}
        compliance_training: {Compliance-specific training}
    
      delivery_methods:
        online_training: {E-learning platform}
        workshops: {Interactive workshops}
        simulations: {Phishing simulations}
    
      measurement:
        completion_rates: {Training completion tracking}
        assessment_scores: {Knowledge assessment}
        behavior_change: {Security behavior metrics}
    ```

### Security Culture
- **Leadership Commitment:** {Executive security commitment}
- **Security Champions:** {Security champion program}
- **Shared Responsibility:** {Security as everyone's responsibility}
- **Continuous Learning:** {Ongoing security education}

## Validation
*Evidence that security controls protect assets effectively, meet compliance requirements, and enable secure business operations*

## Quality Standards

### Bronze Level (Minimum Viable)
- [ ] Basic security controls with essential protections
- [ ] Simple identity and access management
- [ ] Basic incident response capabilities
- [ ] All required metadata fields completed

### Silver Level (Investment Ready)
- [ ] Comprehensive security framework with defense in depth
- [ ] Advanced identity and access management with automation
- [ ] Structured security operations with monitoring and response
- [ ] Compliance framework with regular assessments

### Gold Level (Operational Excellence)
- [ ] Advanced security architecture with zero trust principles
- [ ] Sophisticated threat detection and automated response
- [ ] Comprehensive compliance and governance framework
- [ ] Continuous security improvement and innovation

## Common Pitfalls

1. **Security as an afterthought**: Adding security after systems are built
2. **Compliance-only focus**: Focusing only on compliance rather than effective security
3. **Inadequate incident response**: Poor incident response preparation and execution
4. **Weak security culture**: Lack of security awareness and shared responsibility

## Success Patterns

1. **Zero trust architecture**: Never trust, always verify approach to security with continuous verification and least privilege access
2. **Security automation**: Automated security controls and response with DevSecOps integration and continuous security
3. **Risk-based security**: Security decisions based on risk assessment with dynamic controls based on threat landscape
4. **Security by design**: Security integrated throughout development lifecycle with proactive threat modeling and controls

## Relationship Guidelines

### Typical Dependencies
- **ARC (Architecture)**: Architecture design drives security requirements and control selection
- **INF (Infrastructure)**: Infrastructure design informs security controls and implementation
- **POL (Policies)**: Policy requirements drive security standards and procedures
- **RSK (Risk Management)**: Risk assessments inform security control prioritization and implementation

### Typical Enablements
- **PER (Performance Specification)**: Security controls enable secure performance achievement
- **QUA (Quality Specification)**: Security standards drive overall quality and trust
- **SLA (Service Level Agreement)**: Security availability enables service level achievement
- **GOV (Governance)**: Security framework enables governance and compliance

## Document Relationships

This document type commonly relates to:

- **Depends on**: ARC (Architecture), INF (Infrastructure), POL (Policies), RSK (Risk Management)
- **Enables**: PER (Performance Specification), QUA (Quality Specification), SLA (Service Level Agreement), GOV (Governance)
- **Informs**: Risk management, compliance strategy, incident response
- **Guides**: Security implementation, control selection, monitoring strategy

## Validation Checklist

- [ ] Executive summary with clear purpose, domain, risk level, and compliance framework
- [ ] Security architecture with framework, domains, and threat landscape
- [ ] Identity and access management with authentication, authorization, and lifecycle
- [ ] Data protection and privacy with classification, encryption, and privacy controls
- [ ] Network and infrastructure security with architecture, controls, and cloud security
- [ ] Application security with SDLC, controls, and API security
- [ ] Security operations with monitoring, incident response, and vulnerability management
- [ ] Compliance and governance with frameworks, governance, and audit programs
- [ ] Business continuity with security considerations and cyber resilience
- [ ] Emerging technologies with technology security and threat evolution
- [ ] Security culture and training with awareness programs and culture development
- [ ] Validation evidence of security effectiveness, compliance achievement, and business enablement

---

## Related Documents

- [Back to Document Types](/docs/document-types)
- [Domain: Technology & Data](/docs/domains/technology-data)
- [Full Specification](/spec/v1-0-0)